Juvenile convicts at work in the fields in Southern chain gang. Southern jails made money leasing convicts for forced labor in the Jim Crow South. Circa. 1903
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But Nkrumah, You’re Different…
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Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon
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The Doll Test
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African American extended family arriving in Chicago from the rural South, ca. 1920
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Marcus Garvey, Jamaican Black Nationalist and Separatist, ca. 1920
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“We will never be recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as humans.”
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African American slave family representing five generations